The Interplay Between Titin, Polygenic Risk, and Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation

Background: Common and rare variants, including those in the gene for the cardiac structural protein titin (ITN), have been implicated in the risk of developing atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the effect of genetic variants on risk of AF compared with established modifiable risk factors is unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of AF and associated cardiovascular complications in ITN variant carriers and examine interactions between TTN variants or common variants and modifiable AF risk factors. Methods: We used whole exome sequencing data of 49,881 individuals and genotyping data of 408,572 individuals from the UK Biobank to examine the associations of ITN variants, polygenic risk, and 4 risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and smoking) with AF. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) were calculated with the use of Cox proportional hazards models. Results: TTN variant carrier status was associated with a higher risk of AF (aHR 2.10, 95% CI 1.59-2.79; P = 2.54 x 10(-7)) and higher risk of dilated cardiomyopathy in AF patients (aHR 10.39, 95% CI 5.31-20.33; P = 8.37 x 10(-12)). We identified additive effects between ITN variants and polygenic risk with hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and smoking on the risk of AF. Conclusions: Genetic and modifiable cardiovascular risk factors contribute to the probability of developing AF. Our findings highlight the potential utility of incorporating data from targeted sequencing or genotyping of common variants to further inform AF risk stratification and aggressive management of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors.

Automated summary

This study evaluated the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) and associated cardiovascular complications in carriers of ITN variants and examined interactions between TTN variants or common variants and modifiable AF risk factors. Results showed that TTN variant carrier status was associated with a higher risk of AF and dilated cardiomyopathy in AF patients. Additive effects between ITN variants and polygenic risk with hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and smoking on the risk of AF were identified, highlighting the importance of genetic and modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in the development of AF.