4.5 Article

Exploring the associations between gambling cravings, self-efficacy, and gambling episodes: An Ecological Momentary Assessment study

期刊

ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS
卷 112, 期 -, 页码 -

出版社

PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106574

关键词

Gambling; Craving; Self-efficacy; Relapse; Smartphone; Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA)

资金

  1. Tasmanian Government Department of Treasury and Finance as part of the Fourth Social and Economic Impact Study
  2. Deakin University Faculty of Health Mid-Career Fellowship

向作者/读者索取更多资源

This study investigated the reciprocal relationships between real-time gambling cravings, self-efficacy, and gambling behavior, and the moderating role of gambling, mental health, and addiction-related variables. The findings suggest that gambling cravings predict gambling episodes, gambling self-efficacy is related to gambling duration, and craving self-efficacy predicts gambling expenditure. Moderation analyses revealed various interactions among the variables, indicating the importance of real-time gambling interventions for vulnerable individuals.
Aims: To explore reciprocal relationships between real-time gambling cravings and self-efficacy with gambling behaviour, and the moderating role of gambling, mental health, and addiction-related variables. Design: Secondary analysis of a 4-week Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) study conducted in Tasmania, Australia. Setting: Data were collected via telephone interviews (pre-EMA) and smartphones (EMA). Participants: Ninety-seven regular gamblers (mean age: 45.90 years, 57.73% male) reported 5,113 observations. Measurements: EMA measures included gambling cravings (occurrence, frequency, intensity), self-efficacy (craving-related, gambling-related), and gambling behaviour (episodes, expenditure, duration). Pre-EMA measures included gambling (severity; harms; motives; high-risk situations), mental health (depressive symptoms; anxiety symptoms) and addiction-related (alcohol use; smoking; substance use) moderator variables. Findings: Mixed-effects binary logistic regression analyses revealed that gambling cravings predicted gambling episodes (OR = 2.23, 95% CI:1.61, 3.08), gambling self-efficacy and gambling duration were reciprocally related (OR = 4.65, 95% CI:1.08, 20.04; OR = 0.21, 95% CI:0.05, 0.93), and craving self-efficacy predicted gambling expenditure (OR = 0.30, 95% CI:0.10, 0.86). Moderation analyses revealed that: (1) craving self-efficacy exacerbated craving frequency with gambling expenditure; (2) coping motives exacerbated gambling self-efficacy with gambling expenditure; (3) high-risk positive reinforcement situations exacerbated craving intensity and gambling self-efficacy with gambling episodes, and gambling episode with craving occurrence; and (4) substance use exacerbated gambling self-efficacy with duration, and buffered gambling expenditure with craving intensity. Conclusions: These findings have implications for the development of real-time gambling interventions that aim to reduce gambling cravings and increase self-efficacy, which could be targeted to vulnerable individuals, including people who frequently gambled for coping purposes or positive reinforcement, and people with comorbid substance use.

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