3D and 4D printing in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery: Printing techniques, materials, and applications

3D and 4D printing are cutting-edge technologies for precise and expedited manufacturing of objects ranging from plastic to metal. Recent advances in 3D and 4D printing technologies in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery enable dentists to custom design and print surgical drill guides, temporary and permanent crowns and bridges, orthodontic appliances and orthotics, implants, mouthguards for drug delivery. In the present review, different 3D printing technologies available for use in dentistry are highlighted together with a critique on the materials available for printing. Recent reports of the application of these printed platformed are highlighted to enable readers appreciate the progress in 3D/4D printing in dentistry. Statement of Significance 3D and 4D printing are cutting-edge technologies that enables precise and expedited manufacturing of objects ranging from polymers to metals. Despite great progress in this rapidy advancing field over the last 5 years, there has not been a thorough review that covers the materials, methods and applications of 3D/4D printing in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery. Apart from the discussion on 3D materials and technologies, to the best of our knowledge, recent experimental 4D platforms such as potential responsive materials will also be discussed to provide a backdrop for future research and advances in using these platforms in dentistry. There is no review article to cover 3D and more importantly 4D printing in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc.

Automated summary

3D and 4D printing technologies enable precise and expedited manufacturing of a wide range of objects, including those used in dentistry such as surgical drill guides, crowns, bridges, and implants. This review highlights the available 3D printing technologies and materials in dentistry, as well as recent applications to show the progress in this field.