期刊
PATHOGENS
卷 9, 期 9, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090730
关键词
flint; Legionella pneumophila; copper; PEX; iron; chlorine; premise plumbing
类别
资金
- National Science Foundation [1336650, 1556258, 1706733]
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science at Virginia Tech
- Directorate For Engineering
- Div Of Chem, Bioeng, Env, & Transp Sys [1706733] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Directorate For Engineering
- Div Of Chem, Bioeng, Env, & Transp Sys [1556258] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
Flint, MI experienced two outbreaks of Legionnaires' Disease (LD) during the summers of 2014 and 2015, coinciding with use of Flint River as a drinking water source without corrosion control. Using simulated distribution systems (SDSs) followed by stagnant simulated premise (i.e., building) plumbing reactors (SPPRs) containing cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) or copper pipe, we reproduced trends in water chemistry andLegionellaproliferation observed in the field when Flint River versus Detroit water were used before, during, and after the outbreak. Specifically, due to high chlorine demand in the SDSs, SPPRs with treated Flint River water were chlorine deficient and had elevatedL. pneumophilanumbers in the PEX condition. SPPRs with Detroit water, which had lower chlorine demand and higher residual chlorine, lost all culturableL. pneumophilawithin two months.L. pneumophilaalso diminished more rapidly with time in Flint River SPPRs with copper pipe, presumably due to the bacteriostatic properties of elevated copper concentrations caused by lack of corrosion control and stagnation. This study confirms hypothesized mechanisms by which the switch in water chemistry, pipe materials, and different flow patterns in Flint premise plumbing may have contributed to observed LD outbreak patterns.
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