The human microbiome and genitourinary malignancies

The human microbiome contains a vast network of understudied organisms that have an intimate role in our health and wellness. These microbiomes differ greatly between individuals, creating what may be thought of as a unique and dynamic microbial signature. Microbes have been shown to have various roles in metabolism, local and systemic inflammation, as well as immunity. Recent findings have confirmed the importance of both the gut and urinary microbiomes in genitourinary malignancies. Numerous studies have identified differences in microbial signatures between healthy patients and those with urologic malignancies. The microbiomes have been shown to contain microbes that may contribute to the etiology of disease state as well as yield information in regard to a person's health and their responsiveness to certain drugs such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Less well understood are the effects of antibiotics on oncologic outcomes in such treatment courses. This review will explore our current understanding and advancements in the field of microbiome research and discuss its intimate association with genitourinary diseases including bladder cancer, prostate cancer, and kidney cancer. With a better understanding of the association between the microbiome and genitourinary malignancy, further investigation may produce reliable predictors of disease, prognostic indicators as well as therapeutic targets.