The role of sensory and olfactory pathways in multiple chemical sensitivity

Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is characterised by non-specific and recurring symptoms affecting multiple organs and associated with exposure to chemicals, even at low concentrations, which are, under normal circumstances, harmless to the general population. Symptoms include general discomfort, cardiovascular instability, irritation of the sensory organs, breath disorders, hypersensitivity affecting the skin and epithelial lining of the gut, throat and lungs, anxiety, and learning and memory loss. Chemical intolerance is a key distinguishing feature of MCS, limiting considerably patients' lifestyle with serious social, occupational and economic implications. Since no specific diagnostic markers are currently available for chemical intolerance, the diagnosis relies on clinical symptoms. Despite the formulation of several hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology of MCS, its mechanisms remain undefined. A person-centred care approach, based on multidisciplinary and individualised medical plans, has shown promising results. However, more definite treatment strategies are required. We have reviewed the main experimental studies on MCS pathophysiology, focusing on the brain networks involved, the impact of environmental pollution on the olfactory system and the correlation with other pathologies such as neuro-degenerative diseases. Finally, we discuss treatment strategies targeting the olfactory system.

Automated summary

Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is characterized by non-specific and recurring symptoms affecting multiple organs, with chemical intolerance being a key distinguishing feature. Current diagnosis relies on clinical symptoms as there are no specific diagnostic markers available, and more definite treatment strategies are required. Research on the pathophysiology of MCS, particularly focusing on brain networks, environmental pollution, and correlation with other pathologies, is ongoing to better understand and develop treatment strategies.