Surface modification of titanium and its alloys for the enhancement of osseointegration in orthopaedics

Titanium (Ti) and Ti-based alloys are the best promising orthopaedic metal transplants. The Young's modulus of Ti and bone are nearer and so Ti implants are known as osseointegrated implants. However, the need for enhancing the osseointegration, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility cannot be ruled out in promoting the Ti as a golden standard. This review describes various surface modifications like acid etching, sand blasting, surface coating, alkali-heat treatment, plasma treatment and ion implantation of Ti-based implants which are the best solutions to promote biocompatibility, osseointegration and ultimately the longevity of implants. In addition, it gives an outline to accomplish the risky task in orthopaedics like recovering skeletal function by replacing the damaged bone for human being survival and it will assist the energetic collaboration of specialists in materials science, chemistry and biology for the quality enhancement.