Effect of Ketamine on Limbic GABA and Glutamate: A HumanIn VivoMultivoxel Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study

Introduction Converging evidence suggests that ketamine elicits antidepressant effectsviaenhanced neuroplasticity precipitated by a surge of glutamate and modulation of GABA. Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) illustrates changes to cerebral glutamate and GABA immediately following ketamine administration during dissociation. However, few studies assess subacute changes in the first hours following application, when ketamine's antidepressant effects emerge. Moreover, ketamine metabolites implicated in its antidepressant effects develop during this timeframe. Thus, this study aimed to investigate subacute changes in cerebral Glx (glutamate + glutamine), GABA and their ratio in seven brain regions central to depressive pathophysiology and treatment. Methods Twenty-five healthy subjects underwent two multivoxel MRS scans using a spiral encoded, MEGA-edited LASER-localized 3D-MRSI sequence, at baseline and 2 h following intravenous administration of racemic ketamine (0.8 mg/kg bodyweight over 50 min). Ketamine, norketamine and dehydronorketamine plasma levels were determined at routine intervals during and after infusion. Automated region-of-interest (ROI)-based quantification of mean metabolite concentration was used to assess changes in GABA+/total creatine (tCr), Glx/tCr, and GABA+/Glx ratios in the thalamus, hippocampus, insula, putamen, rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), caudal ACC, and posterior cingulate cortex. Effects of ketamine on neurotransmitter levels and association with ketamine- and metabolite plasma levels were tested with repeated measures analyses of variance (rmANOVA) and correlation analyses, respectively. Results For GABA+/tCr rmANOVA revealed a measurement by region interaction effect (p(uncorr)< 0.001) andpost hocpairwise comparisons showed a reduction in hippocampal GABA+/tCr after ketamine (p(corr)= 0.02). For Glx/tCr and GABA+/Glx neither main effects of measurement nor measurement by region interactions were observed (all p(uncorr)> 0.05). Furthermore, no statistically significant associations between changes in any of the neurotransmitter ratios and plasma levels of ketamine, norketamine, or dehydronorketamine were observed (p(corr)> 0.05). Conclusion This study provides evidence for decreased hippocampal GABA+/tCr ratio 2 h following ketamine administration. As MRS methodology measures total levels of intra- and extracellular GABA, results might indicate drug induced alterations in GABA turnover. Our study in healthy humans suggests that changes in GABA levels, particularly in the hippocampus, should be further assessed for their relevance to ketamine ' s antidepressant effects.