Escherichia coliIncreases its ATP Concentration in Weakly Acidic Environments Principally through the Glycolytic Pathway

Acid resistance is an intrinsic characteristic of intestinal bacteria in order to survive passage through the stomach. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ubiquitous chemical used to power metabolic reactions, activate signaling cascades, and form precursors of nucleic acids, was also found to be associated with the survival ofEscherichia coli(E. coli) in acidic environments. The metabolic pathway responsible for elevating the level of ATP inside these bacteria during acid adaptation has been unclear.E. coliuses several mechanisms of ATP production, including oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis and the oxidation of organic compounds. To uncover which is primarily used during adaptation to acidic conditions, we broadly analyzed the levels of gene transcription of multipleE. colimetabolic pathway components. Our findings confirmed that the primary producers of ATP inE. coliundergoing mild acidic stress are the glycolytic enzymes Glk, PykF and Pgk, which are also essential for survival under markedly acidic conditions. By contrast, the transcription of genes related to oxidative phosphorylation was downregulated, despite it being the major producer of ATP in neutral pH environments.