Scalable and High-Performance Graphene/Graphite Nanosheet Composite Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries via Jet Cavitation

Herein, ultrafine layered graphene/graphite nanosheet composites (GGNCs) with low content of defects are produced via jet cavitation which is scalable and can afford gram-scale, kilogram-scale, or ton-scale quantities of GGNC in less than 1 s, min, h, or day. The as-produced composites are used as lithium ion battery anodes and are shown to possess a reversible specific capacity of approximate to 480 mAh g(-1)(much higher than approximate to 372 mAh g(-1)in commercial graphite anode) at 100 mA g(-1)current density after 100 cycles. They also exhibit excellent rate capability, especially at high current rates (e.g., 301.8 mAh g(-1)at 2 A g(-1)), due to the outstanding conductivity and favorable electrode/electrolyte contact. This work demonstrates jet cavitation as a scalable, low-cost, and environmentally friendly pretreatment route for commercial carbon-based anode materials, which can increase the anode specific capacity by 30%.