Distribution and Diversity of ComammoxNitrospirain Coastal Wetlands of China

Complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox), able to individually oxidize ammonia to nitrate, are considered to play a significant role in the global nitrogen cycle. However, the distribution of comammoxNitrospirain estuarine tidal flat wetland and the environmental drivers affecting their abundance and diversity remain unknown. Here, we present a large-scale investigation on the geographical distribution of comammoxNitrospiraalong the estuarine tidal flat wetlands of China, where comammoxNitrospirawere successfully detected in 9 of the 16 sampling sites. The abundance of comammoxNitrospiraranged from 5.19 x 10(3)to 8.33 x 10(4)copies/g, 2.21 to 5.44-folds lower than canonical ammonia oxidizers: ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). Phylogenetic analysis based on the alpha subunit of the ammonia monooxygenase encoding gene (amoA) revealed that comammoxNitrospiraClade A, mainly originating from upstream river inputs, accounts for more than 80% of the detected comammoxNitrospira, whereas comammoxNitrospiraclade B were rarely detected. ComammoxNitrospiraabundance and dominant comammoxNitrospiraOTUs varied within the estuarine samples, showing a geographical pattern. Salinity and pH were the most important environmental drivers affecting the distribution of comammoxNitrospirain estuarine tidal flat wetlands. The abundance of comammoxNitrospirawas further negatively correlated with high ammonia and nitrite concentrations. Altogether, this study revealed the existence, abundance and distribution of comammoxNitrospiraand the driving environmental factors in estuarine ecosystems, thus providing insights into the ecological niches of this recently discovered nitrifying consortium and their contributions to nitrification in global estuarine environments.