期刊
ECOSPHERE
卷 11, 期 10, 页码 -出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3159
关键词
anthropogenic effects; coastal ecosystems; cyclonic storms; forested ecosystems; Hurricane Irma; Hurricane Maria; marine ecosystems; novel ecosystems; ridge to reef; Special Feature; High-Energy Storms
类别
资金
- Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering at the University of Connecticut [DEB-062910, DEB-1239764]
- Florida Coastal Everglades Long Term Ecological Research Program [DEB1237517]
- National Science Foundation [DEB-1239764, DEB-0218039, DEB-0620910, DEB-1546686, DEB-1831952, 0734826]
- International Institute of Tropical Forestry
- USDA Forest Service
- University of Puerto Rico
- University of Connecticut (Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering and Institute of the Environment)
- NOAA Coastal Resiliency Program [NA17NMF4630290]
- University of Puerto Rico Central Administration, through the Center for Applied Tropical Ecology and Conservation of the University of Puerto Rico
- National Fish and Wildlife Foundation [0302.15.048715]
Subject to hurricane disturbance for millennia, natural ecosystems of Puerto Rico exhibit clear patterns of resistance (e.g., many tree species have little immediate storm-related mortality) and resilience (e.g., leaf litterfall and stream chemistry returned to pre-hurricane levels in as little as five years). Contemporaneous studies of near-shore areas also suggested no long-term impacts of hurricanes; however, anthropogenic effects (coral bleaching, sedimentation) dominate the long-term condition of marine systems in Puerto Rico, many of which have slowly evolved into novel ecosystems. A key characteristic of novel marine ecosystems is their long-term loss of benefits and resilience, coupled to declining biodiversity and loss of structural or functional redundancy, signaling increased vulnerability to subsequent hurricanes. Human systems are also strongly affected by cyclonic storms, as evidenced by the recent impacts of Hurricanes Irma and Maria in the Caribbean. The lack of short-term recovery from disturbance by coral reef ecosystems, coupled with an increasing recurrence of anthropogenic impacts, increasing hurricane frequency or severity, and sea-level rise, may have irreversible long-term socioeconomic consequences for coastal social-ecological systems and for community livelihoods. A comprehensive social-ecological understanding of hurricane effects in Puerto Rico is lacking in part because hurricane effects on human populations are not comprehensively followed. Although some studies suggest a path forward, finding effective methods to link measurements of storm intensity to the diverse components of tropical social-ecological systems remains a challenge.
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