Extracellular matrix proteins in the regulation of thrombus formation

Purpose of reviewExposure of subendothelial extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins to the circulation is the key event that initiates platelet accumulation and clot formation after vessel injury. Soluble ECM proteins are also essential for support and regulation of these events. This review discusses the current understanding of ECM proteins in thrombosis and hemostasis.Recent findingsFibrinogen and von Willebrand factor (VWF) are considered essential for thrombosis and hemostasis. Interestingly, IIb3 integrin-dependent thrombus formation persists in the absence of fibrinogen and VWF, suggesting that other IIb3 ligand (s), likely ECM proteins, can still mediate thrombosis. Fibronectin increases in platelets of fibrinogen-deficient humans and mice. This ECM protein can rapidly deposit onto the injured vessel wall prior to platelet accumulation. By switching from the soluble to insoluble form, plasma fibronectin supports hemostasis and inhibits excessive thrombosis. Fibrin, fibronectin, VWF, vitronectin, neutrophil extracellular traps, and other ECM proteins in the blood clot form a de-facto ECM, which interacts with various types of blood cells to regulate the evolution and resolution of the clot.SummaryECM proteins are intricately involved in major steps of thrombus formation. Further investigations of ECM proteins will reveal new therapeutic targets for treatment of thrombosis and bleeding disorders.Video abstracthttp://links.lww.com/COH/A12