Piperine ameliorates insulin resistance via inhibiting metabolic inflammation in monosodium glutamate-treated obese mice

Background Metabolic inflammation is an essential event in obesity-induced diabetes and insulin resistance. In obesity, an increasing number of macrophages recruited into visceral adipose tissues undergo significant M-1-like polarization, secreting variable amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and causing insulin resistance. Piperine has excellent anti-inflammatory activities and may be used in the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated the effect of piperine on adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in obese mice. Methods Newborn mice were subcutaneously (s.c.) injected with monosodium glutamate (MSG) to establish a diabetes model. After 24 weeks, the MSG obese mice were divided into three groups and treated with piperine (40 mg/kg/day), metformin (150 mg/kg/day) and vehicle for 10 successive weeks, respectively. Results The obesity model was successfully established, as the body weight, insulin resistance, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and dyslipidemia were significantly increased. The 10-week administration of piperine to the obese mice not only significantly decreased the elevated FBG (Model: 6.45 +/- 0.41 mM; Piperine: 4.72 +/- 0.44 mM,p < 0.01), serum TC (Model: 5.66 +/- 0.66 mM; Piperine: 3.55 +/- 0.30 mM,p < 0.01) and TG (Model: 1.41 +/- 0.08 mM; Piperine: 0.94 +/- 0.05 mM,p < 0.001), but also enhanced the glucose infusion rate in the hyperglycemic clamp experiment. Meanwhile, piperine improved glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in MSG obese mice. Piperine markedly decreased the total and differential white blood cell (WBC) count, the serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as galectin-3 (Gal-3) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta). Furthermore, piperine clearly down-regulated the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the protein levels of M-1-like polarization marker CD11c and Gal-3 in adipose tissues. The in vitro study showed that piperine inhibited LPS-stimulated polarization of RAW 264.7 cells toward the M(1)phenotype. Conclusions Piperine served as an immunomodulator for the treatment of obesity-related diabetes through its anti-inflammatory effects, which might be achieved by inhibiting macrophages M(1)polarization in adipose tissues.