Embracing nutritional qualities, biological activities and technological properties of coffee byproducts in functional food formulation

Research interests in coffee byproducts showed increased attraction. This is partly driven by increasing annual coffee production, which leads to increased generation of solid residues which in turn creates environmental concern. Additionally, compositional profile of coffee byproducts stimulate more investigations into their role of affecting human physiological function. Driven by increased demand of valorizing agro-industrial residues into value added products, many research findings present justifiable importance and possible application of coffee byproducts in food. This extensive review therefore presents up-to-date information with reference to compositional data, potential of incorporating coffee byproducts as ingredients in food formulations and new product development with respect to their biological functionality and technological importance. Reviewed byproducts are coffee husk, pulp, parchment, silverskin and spent coffee ground. Processing steps are elaborated and description of each process with respect to characteristics of starting material and generated main products and resulting residues is made to clearly distinguish the corresponding byproducts. Respective nutritional and phytochemical composition, food formulation and their distinctive characteristics are described. Production of value added products and food product development as well as applications made so far to incorporate the byproducts into food formulation are reviewed. Finally, safety related references and prospective insights of coffee processing byproducts in the current changing economy with possible indication into future trend of the current topic in universal context are presented.