Using a standardized intra-operative endoflip protocol during fundoplication to identify factors that affect distensibility

Introduction The Endoluminal Functional Lumen Imaging Probe (Endoflip) can be used to provide objective measurements of the gastroesophageal junction during fundoplication, and recent publications have suggested that this device could improve surgical outcomes. However, the impact of operative variables has not been clearly reported. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of these variables on functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) measurements. Methods Following implementation of a standardized operative FLIP protocol, all data were collected prospectively and entered into a quality database. This database was queried for patients undergoing hiatal hernia repair and fundoplication. The protocol utilized various balloon volumes (30 and 40 ml), patient positions (flat and reverse Trendelenburg) and amounts of insufflation (15 mmHg pneumoperitoneum and no pneumoperitoneum). Results Between August 2018 and February 2020, 97 fundoplications were performed by a single surgeon. Multivariable analysis without interactions demonstrated that a 40 ml volume fill resulted in significantly higher minimum diameter (Dmin), cross-sectional area (CSA), intra-balloon pressure (IBP) and distensibility index (DI) compared to a 30 ml volume fill (p < 0.001). While reverse Trendelenburg positioning resulted in a significantly higher Dmin, IBP and CSA compared to the flat position (allp < 0.05), there was little impact of positioning on DI. Lastly, pneumoperitoneum significantly increased IBP (p < 0.001) but did not affect Dmin (p = 0.697) or CSA (p = 0.757), which resulted in a significant decrease in DI (p < 0.001) when compared to measurements without pneumoperitoneum. Multivariable analysis allowing for interactions demonstrated significant two-way interactions between balloon volume and pneumoperitoneum (p = 0.047), as well as patient position and pneumoperitoneum (p < 0.001). Conclusion Surgeons should consider balloon volume and the presence or absence of pneumoperitoneum when interpreting distensibility during or after fundoplication. Additionally, we suggest a formal standardized protocol for FLIP measurements to utilize a 40 ml volume fill in reverse Trendelenburg without pneumoperitoneum.

Automated summary

This study found that a 40 ml balloon volume fill resulted in higher measurements of Dmin, CSA, IBP, and DI during fundoplication compared to a 30 ml fill. Reverse Trendelenburg positioning led to higher Dmin, IBP, and CSA values, while pneumoperitoneum significantly increased IBP but decreased DI. Surgeons should consider these variables when interpreting FLIP measurements during or after fundoplication.