Surfactant Effects on Crystal Growth Dynamics and Crystal Morphology of Methane Hydrate Formed at Gas/Liquid Interface

This paper presents visual observations aiming to clarify the underlying physics of surfactant effects on clathrate hydrate crystal growth at the interface between methane gas and water with surfactant. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), which is commonly used in industrial processes, was used in this study. Various SDS mass fractions from 0 to w(SDS) = 100 ppm with a step of size 10 ppm were examined, where w(SDS) represents the mass fraction of SDS aqueous solution. The crystal growth behavior and the crystal morphology of the methane hydrate at the interface varied depending on surfactant concentration and Delta T-sub. In systems with w(SDS) <= 20 ppm, the nucleation occurred on the droplet surface (gas/liquid interface), then grew laterally, and finally covered the whole droplet surface. On the contrary, at w(SDS) >= 30 ppm, the droplet shape was not maintained and enhanced hydrate crystal growth was observed compared to those systems with w(SDS) <= 20 ppm. Individual hydrate crystals at w(SDS) = 20 ppm were observed to be smaller than those in a pure water system at a given Delta T-sub, which is ascribed to the enhanced hydrate nucleation by the addition of SDS.