Late Holocene variation in the Hard prey remains and stable isotope values of penguin and seal tissues from the Danger Islands, Antarctica

Ornithogenic soils in Antarctica provide a biological archive of the occupation history and trophic ecology of penguins and other marine species over geological timescales. Hard prey remains and predator tissues, which are well preserved in ornithogenic soils, can act as paleoecological proxies of past environmental conditions. Here we examine ornithogenic soils from an active colony ofPygoscelisspp. penguins on Platter Island in the Danger Islands Archipelago along the northeastern side of the Antarctic Peninsula. We radiocarbon dated penguin tissues from excavated ornithogenic soils and parameterized an age-depth model of penguin occupation history. Hard prey remains were enumerated and recoveredPygoscelisspp. penguin and Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella)tissues were analyzed for stable isotopes carbon (delta C-13) and nitrogen (delta N-15) analysis. The oldest recovered ornithogenic soils at Platter Island date to 502-653 years BP and coincide with the start of a period of increased warming and glacial discharge in the northeastern Antarctic Peninsula. Penguin tissues delta N-15 values increased between the oldest and youngest dated ornithogenic soils but seal tissues did not. This may indicate that the trophic level of penguins, but not seals, has increased over time, a hypothesis supported by the concurrent increase in the hard prey remains of fish and squid taxa common to penguin diets recovered from ornithogenic soils. Future studies of ornithogenic soils in the Danger Islands Archipelago are warranted to test this hypothesis and assess the potential confounding effects of varying ecosystem isotopic baselines and penguin species composition over time.