Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α: A promising therapeutic target for vasculopathy in diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious condition that can cause blindness in diabetic patients. It is a neurovascular disease, but the pathogenesis leading to the onset of this disease is still not completely understood. However, hypoxia with subsequent neovascularization is a characteristic phenomenon observed with DR. Cellular response to hypoxia is mediated by the transcriptional regulator hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). Long-term research has shown that one isotype of HIF, HIF-1 alpha, may play a pivotal role under hypoxic conditions, and an increasing number of studies have shown that HIF-1 alpha and its target genes contribute to retinal neovascularization. Therefore, targeting HIF-1 alpha may lead to more effective DR treatments. This review describes the possible mechanisms of HIF-1 alpha in neovascularization of DR. Furthermore, various inhibitors of HIF-1 alpha that may have viable potential in the treatment of DR are also discussed.