Reactive oxygen species mediated-antifungal activity of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum verum) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oils and their constituents against two phytopathogenic fungi

To find new and safe type of control agents against phytopathogenic fungi, the fumigant antifungal activity of 10 plant essential oils and constituents identified in cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum verum) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oils was investigated against two phytopathogenic fungi, Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae and Rhizoctonia solani. Among plant essential oils, cinnamon bark and lemongrass essential oils showed 100% inhibition of R. quercus-mongolicae and R. solani at 5 mg/paper disc, respectively. Among test constituents, salicylaldehyde, eugenol, and hydrocinnamaldehyde showed 100% inhibition of growth of R. quercus-mongolicae at 2.5 mg/paper disc. Neral, geraniol, geranial, trans-cinnamaldehyde, methyl cinnamate, isoeugenol, and methyl eugenol exhibited > 80% inhibition of growth of R. quercus-mongolicae at 2.5 mg/paper disc. Neral, geranial, trans-cinnamaldehyde, hydrocinnamaldehyde, and salicylaldehyde showed 100% inhibition of growth of R. solani at 2.5 mg/paper disc. A fumigant antifungal bioassay of artificial blends of the constituents identified in cinnamon bark and lemongrass essential oils indicated that trans-cinnamaldehyde and geranial were major contributors to the fumigant antifungal activity of the artificial blend. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images of fungi treated with cinnamon bark and lemongrass essential oils, trans-cinnamaldehyde, neral, and geranial revealed the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell membrane disruption.