Development of Sarcophaga dux (diptera: Sarcophagidae) at constant temperatures and differential gene expression for age estimation of the pupae

Sarcophaga dux (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is a necrophagous flesh fly species with potential forensic value for estimating minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). The basic developmental data and precise age estimates of the pupae are significant for PMImin estimation in forensic investigations. In the present study, we investigated the development data of that species at seven constant temperatures varying from 16 degrees C to 34 degrees C, including body length changes of the larve, developmental duration and accumulated degree hours of the preadults. Several reference genes for relative quantification of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were firstly selected and evaluated in the pupae of different ages under different temperatures. The DEGs of the insects during the pupal period at different constant temperatures (34, 25 and 16 degrees C) were further analyzed for more precise age estimation. The results showed that the developmental durations of the preadults at 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31 and 34 degrees C were 1478.6 +/- 18.3 h, 726.1 +/- 15.8 h, 538.5 +/- 0.9 h, 394.1 +/- 9.5 h, 375.6 +/- 10.8 h, 284.1 +/- 7.3 h, and 252.5 +/- 6.1 h, respectively. The developmental threshold temperature the flies was 12.27 +/- 0.35 degrees C, and the thermal summation constant was 5341.71 +/- 249.29 degrees hours. The most reliable reference genes during the pupal period at different temperatures were found: GST1 and 18S rRNA for the 34 degrees C group, GST1 and RPL49 for 25 degrees C, and 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA for 16 degrees C. The four differential expression genes (Hsp60, A-alpha, ARP, and RPL8) have the potential to be used for more precise age estimation of pupal S. dux. This work provides important basic developmental data and a more precise age estimation method for pupal S. dux, and improves the value of this species for PMImin estimation in forensic investigations.