Effect of citrate ions on the electrochemical migration of tin in thin electrolyte layer containing chloride ions

The effect of tri-sodium citrate dehydrate on the electrochemical migration of tin in thin electrolyte layers containing chloride ions was investigated through potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and optical techniques. The effects of applied bias voltage and concentration of citrate ions were also studied. Results showed that tri-sodium citrate dehydrate acts as an inhibitor by suppressing anodic dissolution and metallic ion transfer through the formation of tin citrate complexes. The mechanisms involved were proposed to explain the inhibition effect. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.