Atomically dispersed catalysts for hydrogen/oxygen evolution reactions and overall water splitting

Recent advancement of single-atom catalysts (SACs) in electrochemical water splitting is systematically reviewed. This review focuses on various SACs including Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Mo, Pd, Ru, Rh, Ir, and Pt with single-metal or dual-metal sites for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and overall water splitting. The primary synthesis methods and advanced characterization techniques of SACs are documented. The geometric and electronic configurations of active sites and structure-property relationships in hydrogen and oxygen electrode reactions are highlighted. The research perspectives and challenges on the future development of SACs are provided.