Maternal Oral Health Influences Infant Salivary Microbiome

Oral microbiomes vary in cariogenic potential; these differences may be established early in life. A major concern is whether mothers transmit cariogenic bacteria to their children. Here we characterize early salivary microbiome development and the potential associations of that development with route of delivery, breastfeeding, and mother's oral health, and we evaluate transmission of microbes between mother and child. We analyzed saliva and metadata from the Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia. For this cohort study, we sequenced the V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene and used quantitative polymerase chain reaction to detectStreptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, andCandida albicansin the saliva from mothers and their infants, collected at 2, 9, and 12 mo (Pennsylvania site) and 2, 12, and 24 mo (West Virginia site). Breastfed children had lower relative abundances ofPrevotellaandVeillonella. If mothers had decayed, missing, or filled teeth, children had greater abundances ofVeillonellaandActinomyces. There was little evidence of maternal transmission of selected microbes. At 12 mo, children's microbiomes were more similar to other children's than to their mothers'. Infants' salivary microbiomes became more adult-like with age but still differed with mothers' microbiomes at 12 mo. There was little evidence supporting transmission of selected microbes from mothers to children, but risk of colonization was associated with tooth emergence. Children are likely to acquire cariogenic bacteria from a variety of sources, including foods and contact with other children and adults.

Automated summary

Oral microbiomes vary in cariogenic potential and the transmission of cariogenic bacteria from mothers to their children is a major concern. Research found that breastfed children had lower relative abundances of certain bacteria in saliva, and children of mothers with dental issues had greater abundances of certain bacteria. By 12 months, children's microbiomes were more similar to other children than to their mothers.