Mild atopic dermatitis lacks systemic inflammation and shows reduced nonlesional skin abnormalities

Background: Molecular studies in atopic dermatitis (AD) are largely restricted to patients with moderate-to-severe disease. Objective: Our aim was to evaluate skin and blood abnormalities in mild, moderate, and severe AD. Methods: Skin and blood samples were obtained from 61 patients with AD (20 with mild or limited disease, 17 with moderate disease, and 24 with severe disease) and 20 healthy subjects. Immune and barrier markers were measured in lesional, nonlesional, and healthy skin by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, and in blood by using the OLINK proteomic assay. Results: Cellular markers of epidermal hyperplasia and T-cell/dendritic cell infiltration were increased in AD tissues of all patients in all severity groups versus in those of controls, whereas downstream T(H)2 cell-, T(H)22 cell-, T(H)1 cell-, and T(H)17 cell-related mediators demonstrated incremental elevations with increasing disease severity, in both lesional and nonlesional skin. Whereas the levels of the T(H)2 (IL13, CCL17, and CCL26) and T(H)22 (IL-22) cytokines were significantly elevated in both AD lesional and nonlesional skin of all patients regardless of the severity of their disease, patients with mild or limited AD showed increases in their levels of T(H)1 cell (IFNG, CXCL9, and CXCL10) and T(H)17 cell (IL-17A, CCL20, and CXCL1) markers in lesional but not nonlesional skin. Regulatory T-cell-related mediators (IL-10 and FOXP3) were comparably upregulated in all groups, without displaying the severity-based gradient in other immune axes. Unsupervised clustering aligned samples along a severity spectrum, where nonlesional mild or limited AD skin clustered with the samples from healthy controls. Furthermore, whereas the blood profiles of patients with moderate and severe AD showed gradual increases in the levels of T(H)1 cell-, T(H)2 cell-, and T(H)17 cell-related and atherosclerosis and/or cardiovascular risk (CCL7, FGF21, and IGFBP1) proteins, the blood profiles of patients with mild or limited AD lacked significant differences from those of the controls. Conclusion: Mild and limited AD show high levels of T(H)2/T(H)22 cell activation that is primarily localized to skin lesions and lacks the systemic inflammation of moderate and severe disease.

Automated summary

This study found that markers of epidermal hyperplasia and T-cell/dendritic cell infiltration were increased in the skin tissues of all AD patients, regardless of disease severity. Levels of T(H)2/T(H)22 cytokines were significantly elevated in both lesional and nonlesional skin of all patients, while T(H)1 and T(H)17 markers were increased only in lesional skin of mild AD patients. Blood profiles showed gradual increases in inflammatory markers in moderate and severe AD patients, but no significant differences were observed in mild AD patients compared to healthy controls.