A Novel Electrochemical DNA Biosensor Based on Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles to Detect BK Polyomavirus in the Urine Samples of Transplant Patients

Reactivation of BK polyomavirus (BK virus) is associated with the polyomavirus- associated nephropathy (PVAN) and hemorrhagic cystitis (HC), which induce allograft failure. Therefore, the identification of BK virus in the early stage is significantly related to the improvement of allograft function and patient survival. Herein, a facil alkoxide-based sol-gel technique was executed to prepare hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs). The structural properties of HANPs were characterized using Powder X-ray Diffractometer (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDXA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of the current study showed that the proposed biosensor could be used for detection of BK virus in the urine sample. For this goal, a probe ssDNA was immobilized on the HANPs-modified Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE), and then the hybridization between the target and probe sequences was studied by measuring the electrochemical response of Methylene Blue (MB) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method. The efficiency of this biosensor was investigated by the extracted DNA from the urine samples and the sensitivity and specificity of this biosensor were studied by synthetic sequences. The proposed biosensor indicates a linear response from 50.00 x 10(-12) to 1.00 x 10(-9) mol/L with a detection limit of 41.08 x 10(-12) mol/L.