期刊
FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
卷 162, 期 -, 页码 309-326出版社
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.304
关键词
Photodynamic therapy; Phthalocyanines; 3D cell culture; Spheroids; Hydrogels; Hypoxia; Oxidative stress
资金
- Polish National Science Centre [2014/15/B/NZ5/01488]
This study explores the impact of different cell culture models and conditions on the response to PDT treatment, revealing that M2TG3 may induce apoptotic cancer cell death and strongly depend on the model and oxygen availability.
Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT), mainly as a combined therapy, can still be considered a promising technology for targeted cancer treatment. Besides the several and essential benefits of PDT, there are some concerns and limitations, such as complex dosimetry, tumor hypoxia, and other mechanisms of resistance. In this study, we present how the cell culture model and cell culture conditions may affect the response to PDT treatment. It was studied by applying two different 3D cell culture, non-scaffold, and hydrogel-based models under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In parallel, a detailed mechanism of the action of zinc phthalocyanine M2TG3 was presented. Methods: Hydrogel-based and tumor spheroids consisting of LNCaP cells, were used as 3D cell culture models in experiments performed under normoxic and hypoxic (1% of oxygen) conditions. Several analyses were performed to compare the activity of M2TG3 under different conditions, such as cytotoxicity, the level of proapoptotic and stress-related proteins, caspase activity, and antioxidant gene expression status. Additionally, we tested bioluminescence and fluorescence assays as a useful approach for a hydrogel-based 3D cell culture. Results: We found that M2TG3 might lead to apoptotic cancer cell death and is strongly dependent on the model and oxygen availability. Moreover, the expression of the genes modulated in the antioxidative system in 2D and 3D cell culture models were presented. The tested bioluminescence assay revealed several advantages, such as repetitive measurements on the same sample and simultaneous analysis of different parameters due to the non-lysing nature of this assay. Conclusions: It was shown that M2TG3 can effectively cause cancer cell death via a different mechanism, depending on cell culture conditions such as the model and oxygen availability.
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