Heat induced denaturation, aggregation and gelation of almond proteins in skim and full fat almond milk

The effect of thermal treatment (45-95 degrees C for 30 min) on the structure of almond milk proteins was assessed, as the unfolding and association of these proteins in response to heat is not well understood. Above 55 degrees C, protein surface hydrophobicity and particle size increased and alpha helical structure decreased, reducing the stability of skim or full fat milk. Fractal protein clusters were observed at 65-75 degrees C and weakly flocculated gels with a continuous protein network occurred at 85-95 degrees C, resulting in gels with high water holding capacity and a strength similar to dairy gels. The presence of almond fat increased gel strength but led to a more heterogenous microstructure, which may be improved by homogenisation. Elasticity could also be increased with protein concentration. This study improves our understanding of the heat stability of almond milk proteins and indicates their potential as a gelling ingredient for vegan and vegetarian products.