Perception of pain in Class II malocclusion children treated with cervical headgear: a randomized controlled trial

Objectives: The aims of this study were: 1. to evaluate the experience of pain perceived by children during separator placement and headgear wear; 2. to find possible associations between the perceived intensity of pain and the levels of Substance P (SP) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during these procedures; 3. to identify other factors, such as previous pain experience, which could be associated to the patients' perceived discomfort or pain during treatment. Trial design: Nine-month parallel-group randomized controlled trial. Methods: Forty Class II malocclusion children (8-12 years) were included, half of which received a cervical headgear while the other half did not receive any treatment during the study period. Baseline pain data were recorded including previous experience to general and dental pain, Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale, and baseline pain using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Elastic separators were placed in children for 1 week, followed by molar band and cervical headgear placement. Children were seen at various time points throughout the 9-month period where at each appointment, a VAS assessment of pain as well as GCF sampling was carried out to quantify the levels of SP and IL-1 beta. Multiple regression analysis was performed to ascertain the influence of factors including sex, age, time, headgear wear, and baseline pain data on pain severity. Results: Pain severity and SP and IL-1 beta levels in the GCF follow a similar pattern, with peaks being observed 1 day after orthodontic elastic separator placement. Pain was more severe after the placement of orthodontic separators than following cervical headgear wear. With regard to pain predictors, pain is more severe in older children, those with a worse previous general pain experience, and those with higher levels of IL-1 beta, particularly after elastic separator placement. Conclusions: Orthodontic pain and discomfort following orthodontic separator placement and cervical headgear wear depends on factors including age, previous pain experience, and the level of IL-1 beta in the GCF.

Automated summary

This study aimed to evaluate the pain experience of children during orthodontic separator placement and headgear wear, and identified associations between pain intensity and levels of Substance P and interleukin-1 beta in the gingival crevicular fluid. Factors such as age, previous pain experience, and IL-1 beta levels were found to influence the severity of pain and discomfort following orthodontic procedures.