Predictive monitoring and therapeutic immune biomarkers in the management of clinical complications of COVID-19

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV-2), appears with a wide spectrum of mild-to-critical clinical complications. Many clinical and experimental findings suggest the role of inflammatory mechanisms in the immunopathology of COVID-19. Hence, cellular and molecular mediators of the immune system can be potential targets for predicting, monitoring, and treating the progressive complications of COVID-19. In this review, we assess the latest cellular and molecular data on the immunopathology of COVID-19 according to the pathological evidence (e.g., mucus and surfactants), dysregulations of proand anti-inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines and chemokines), and impairments of innate and acquired immune system functions (e.g., mononuclear cells, neutrophils and antibodies). Furthermore, we determine the significance of immune biomarkers for predicting, monitoring, and treating the progressive complications of COVID-19. We also discuss the clinical importance of recent immune biomarkers in COVID-19, and at the end of each section, recent clinical trials in immune biomarkers for COVID-19 are mentioned.

Automated summary

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, presents a wide range of clinical symptoms from mild to severe, with inflammatory mechanisms playing a crucial role in its immunopathology. Cellular and molecular mediators of the immune system may serve as potential targets for predicting, monitoring, and treating complications of COVID-19. This review assesses the latest data on the immunopathology of COVID-19, focusing on pathological evidence, dysregulations of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, and impairments of immune system functions.