期刊
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
卷 643, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
EDP SCIENCES S A
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202038820
关键词
planetary systems; techniques: radial velocities; stars: individual: GJ 251; stars: individual: HD 238090; stars: individual: Lalande 21185; stars: late-type
资金
- DFG [FOR2544, 2694/4-1]
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)
- Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO)
- European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) [FICTS2011-02, ICTS-2017-07-CAHA-4, CAHA16-CE-3978]
- Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomie
- Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, Landessternwarte Konigstuhl
- Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai, Insitut fur Astrophysik Gottingen, Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Hamburger Sternwarte
- Centro de Astrobiologia
- Centro Astronomico Hispano-Aleman
- Spanish Ministry of Economy
- German Science Foundation
- DFG Research Unit [FOR2544]
- Klaus Tschira Stiftung
- states of Baden-Wurttemberg and Niedersachsen
- Junta de Andalucia
- Agencia Estatal de Investigacion of the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades
- ERDF [PID2019-109522GB-C51/2/3/4 PGC2018-098153-B-C33 AYA2016-79425-C3-1/2/3-P, ESP2016-80435-C2-1R]
- Centre of Excellence Severo Ochoa and Maria de Maeztu [SEV-2015-0548]
- Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia [SEV-2017-0709]
- Centro de Astrobiologia [MDM2017-0737]
- Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme
- NASA [NNX17AG24G]
- Wise Observatory, Tel-Aviv University, Israel [TAU2019A-002]
We announce the discovery of two planets orbiting the M dwarfs GJ 251 (0.360 +/- 0.015M(circle dot)) and HD 238090 (0.578 +/- 0.021M(circle dot)) based on CARMENES radial velocity (RV) data. In addition, we independently confirm with CARMENES data the existence of Lalande 21185 b, a planet that has recently been discovered with the SOPHIE spectrograph. All three planets belong to the class of warm or temperate super-Earths and share similar properties. The orbital periods are 14.24 d, 13.67 d, and 12.95 d and the minimum masses are 4.0 +/- 0.4 M-circle plus, 6.9 +/- 0.9 M-circle plus, and 2.7 +/- 0.3 M-circle plus for GJ 251 b, HD 238090 b, and Lalande 21185 b, respectively. Based on the orbital and stellar properties, we estimate equilibrium temperatures of 351.0 +/- 1.4 K for GJ 251 b, 469.6 +/- 2.6 K for HD 238090 b, and 370.1 +/- 6.8 K for Lalande 21185 b. For the latter we resolve the daily aliases that were present in the SOPHIE data and that hindered an unambiguous determination of the orbital period. We find no significant signals in any of our spectral activity indicators at the planetary periods. The RV observations were accompanied by contemporaneous photometric observations. We derive stellar rotation periods of 122.1 +/- 2.2 d and 96.7 +/- 3.7 d for GJ 251 and HD 238090, respectively. The RV data of all three stars exhibit significant signals at the rotational period or its first harmonic. For GJ 251 and Lalande 21185, we also find long-period signals around 600 d, and 2900 d, respectively, which we tentatively attribute to long-term magnetic cycles. We apply a Bayesian approach to carefully model the Keplerian signals simultaneously with the stellar activity using Gaussian process regression models and extensively search for additional significant planetary signals hidden behind the stellar activity. Current planet formation theories suggest that the three systems represent a common architecture, consistent with formation following the core accretion paradigm.
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