Permeability estimation on tomographic images using curved boundary schemes in the lattice Boltzmann method

The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is a widely-used numerical technique for simulation of single-and twophase flow in geometries that are obtained using tomographic imaging of natural porous media. Due to ease of implementation and numerical robustness, a vast majority of LBM-based pore-scale simulations employ the so-called bounceback scheme to enforce no-slip velocity boundary condition. Bounceback, however, requires an implicit and tight coupling between the numerical (computational) and image (voxel) grid. This coupling results in large discretization errors, since the pore-matrix interface within the 3D image is rough. This leads to over estimation of the interfacial area, and thereby inaccurate permeability predictions. The use of the bounceback scheme also causes other numerical artifacts, such as viscosity-dependent permeability results. In order to address these deficiencies, in this work, the classical marching cubes algorithm is used to reconstruct a surface mesh from the 3D voxel grid; this mesh approximates the pore-matrix surface with higher accuracy compared to the inherent stair-stepped representation. In addition, (nominally) second-order accurate curved boundary schemes are used to enforce no-slip velocity conditions at the reconstructed pore-matrix interface.The various pre-processing steps, such as surface mesh generation and voxelization, that are necessary to use curved boundary schemes are described in detail. The proposed approach of using curved surfaces and boundary schemes is tested and validated on benchmark pore geometries, including a random packing of monodisperse spheres. We conclude that compared to current methods, curved boundary schemes provide a viable option for obtaining more accurate transport properties for Digital Rock Physics-based applications.