One-Step Fabrication of Perovskite-Based Upconversion Devices

Device fabrication methods for applications in upconversion processes using perovskite thin films have suffered from reproducibility and scalability issues, which prevent the upscaling of this technology. In this contribution, we developed a perovskite-based upconversion device approach where the triplet annihilator is addedin situto the antisolvent and investigated the effect of the device fabrication procedure on the properties of our device. By comparing the properties of a device based on our new fabrication approach with the existing bilayer procedure, we seek to shed light on the underlying optoelectronic processes influenced by the different fabrication methods, while further advancing possible device architectures for upconversion devices. Device characterization by optical methods, X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy revealed that thein situfabricated devices match the performance or even outcompete our previously developed bilayer devices while significantly simplifying the device fabrication. In particular, we find that the developed one-step fabrication technique enables intercalation of the upconverting layer into the perovskite film prior to annealing, resulting in a larger interface thus, more efficient charge extraction.