In situ investigation into temperature evolution and heat generation during additive friction stir deposition: A comparative study of Cu and Al-Mg-Si

Additive friction stir deposition is an emerging solid-state additive manufacturing technology that enables site-specific build-up of high-quality metals with fine, equiaxed microstructures and excellent mechanical properties. By incorporating proper machining, it has the potential to produce large-scale, complex 3D geometries. Still early in its development, a thorough understanding of the thermal process fundamentals, including temperature evolution and heat generation mechanisms, has not been established. Here, we aim to bridge this gap through in situmonitoring of the thermal field and material flow behavior using complementary infrared imaging, thermocouple measurement, and optical imaging. Two materials challenging to print via beam-based additive technologies, Cu and Al-Mg-Si, are investigated. During additive friction stir deposition of both materials, we find similar trends of thermal features (e.g., the trends of peak temperature T-peak, exposure time, and cooling rate) with respect to the processing conditions (e.g., the tool rotation rate Omega and in-plane velocity V). However, there is a salient, quantitative difference between Cu and Al-Mg-Si; T-peak exhibits a power law relationship with Omega/V in Cu but with Omega(2)/V in Al-Mg-Si. We correlate this difference to the distinct interfacial contact states that are observed through in situ material flow characterization. In Cu, the interfacial contact between the material and tool head is characterized by a full slipping condition, so interfacial friction is the dominant heat generation mechanism. In Al-Mg-Si, the interfacial contact is characterized by a partial slipping/sticking condition, so both interfacial friction and plastic energy dissipation contribute significantly to the heat generation.