A Gel-Free Ti3C2Tx-Based Electrode Array for High-Density, High-Resolution Surface Electromyography

Wearable sensors for surface electromyography (EMG) are composed of single- to few-channel large-area contacts, which exhibit high interfacial impedance and require conductive gels or adhesives to record high-fidelity signals. These devices are also limited in their ability to record activation across large muscle groups due to poor spatial coverage. To address these challenges, a novel high-density EMG array is developed based on titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene encapsulated in parylene-C. Ti(3)C(2)T(x)is a 2D nanomaterial with excellent electrical, electrochemical, and mechanical properties, which forms colloidally stable aqueous dispersions, enabling safe, scalable solutions-processing. Leveraging the excellent combination of metallic conductivity, high pseudocapacitance, and ease of processability of Ti(3)C(2)T(x)MXene, the fabrication of gel-free, high-density EMG arrays is demonstrated, which are approximate to 8 mu m thick, feature 16 recording channels, and are highly skin conformable. The impedance of Ti(3)C(2)T(x)electrodes in contact with human skin is 100-1000x lower than the impedance of commercially available electrodes which require conductive gels to be effective. Furthermore, the arrays can record high-fidelity, low-noise EMG, and can resolve muscle activation with improved spatiotemporal resolution and sensitivity compared to conventional gelled electrodes. Overall, the results establish Ti3C2Tx-based bioelectronic interfaces as a powerful platform technology for high-resolution, noninvasive wearable sensing technologies.