期刊
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
卷 9, 期 8, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082380
关键词
immunotherapy; exosomes; CARs; gene editing; cancer; liquid biopsies
资金
- Spanish ISCIII Health Research Fund [PI12/01097, PI15/02015, PI18/00337, PIE16-00045, DTS19/00145, PI18/00330]
- European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) [PI12/01097, PI15/02015, PI18/00337, PIE16-00045, DTS19/00145, PI18/00330]
- Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICIU) through FEDER research grant [RTI2018-101309-B-C2]
- CECEyU Council of the Junta de Andalucia FEDER/European Cohesion Fund (FSE) [2016000073391-TRA, 2016000073332-TRA, PI-57069, PAIDI-Bio326, PI-0014-2016]
- CSyF Council of the Junta de Andalucia FEDER/European Cohesion Fund (FSE) [2016000073391-TRA, 2016000073332-TRA, PI-57069, PAIDI-Bio326, PI-0014-2016]
- Nicolas Monardes Regional Ministry of Health contract [0006/2018]
- Research Excellence PhD Fellowship from the National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST) [2UAE2020]
- Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (SMSI) [FPU16/05467]
- SMSI through a GJ fellowship [PEJ-2018-001760-A]
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by the vast majority of cell types both in vivo and ex vivo, upon the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the cellular plasma membrane. Two main functions have been attributed to exosomes: their capacity to transport proteins, lipids and nucleic acids between cells and organs, as well as their potential to act as natural intercellular communicators in normal biological processes and in pathologies. From a clinical perspective, the majority of applications use exosomes as biomarkers of disease. A new approach uses exosomes as biologically active carriers to provide a platform for the enhanced delivery of cargo in vivo. One of the major limitations in developing exosome-based therapies is the difficulty of producing sufficient amounts of safe and efficient exosomes. The identification of potential proteins involved in exosome biogenesis is expected to directly cause a deliberate increase in exosome production. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding exosomes, with particular emphasis on their structural features, biosynthesis pathways, production techniques and potential clinical applications.
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