Borane-Catalyzed Stereoselective C-H Insertion, Cyclopropanation, and Ring-Opening Reactions

Lewis acidic boranes have been shown to be effective metal-free catalysts for highly selective reactions of donor-acceptor diazo compounds to a range of substrates. The reactions of alpha-aryl alpha-diazoesters with nitrogen heterocycles indole or pyrrole selectively generate C3 and C2 C-H insertion products, respectively, in good to excellent yields even when using unprotected indoles. Alternatively, benzofuran, indene, and alkene substrates give exclusively cyclopropanated products with alpha-aryl alpha-diazoesters, whereas the reactions with furans lead to ring-opening. Comprehensive theoretical calculations have been used to explain the differing reactivities and high selectivities of these reactions. Overall, this work demonstrates the selective metal-free catalytic reactions of alpha-aryl alpha-diazoesters with (hetero)cycles and alkenes. This simple, mild reaction protocol represents an alternative to the commonly used precious metal systems and may provide future applications in the generation of biologically active compounds.