Effect of steam addition during carbonation, calcination or hydration on reactivation of CaO sorbent for CO2 capture

Calcium looping (CaL), based on cyclic carbonation/calcination using lime-based sorbents, is a promising technology for post-combustion CO2 capture. An important obstacle of this technology is the decay of sorbent over multiple cycles. Steam re-activation is a potential approach to improve the sorbent reactivity, however, the effects of both in-situ high-temperature steam (in carbonator or/and calcinator) and ex-situ low-temperature steam (steam hydration in hydrator) are still a matter of debate. Here, a bubbling fluidised bed reactor was used to investigate three steam addition options: steam addition during carbonation stage, or during calcination stage, or intermediate steam hydration after each CaL cycle. A CaO sorbent was tested under varying steam concentrations up to 40 vol.% for 10 CaL cycles (carbonation: 650 degrees C, calcination: 900 degrees C). Compared to the dry condition, steam addition during carbonation and intermediate steam hydration were both found effective for CaO re-activation. For the former, the improved sorbent reactivity was mainly attributed to an increased pore volume enhancing the extent of carbonation in kinetic regime; while for the latter, the formation of cracks accelerated the rate of diffusion. Nevertheless, decreasing the hydration temperature was detrimental to sorbent reactivity due to enhanced sintering upon cooling. In case of steam addition during calcination, the sorbent was affected negatively or positively depending on the concentration of steam. At higher steam concentrations (20, 40 vol.%), the sorbent reactivity was significantly decreased due to sintering associated with larger pores and lower surface areas. Overall, steam addition during carbonation was recommended for sorbent re-activation.