Direct and Indirect Effects of Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors on N2O-N Losses from Urea Fertilization to Winter Wheat in Southern Germany

Urea (U) is the most important nitrogen (N) fertilizer in agriculture worldwide, and as N fertilizer can result in large gaseous losses of NH(3)and N2O. Thus, urease inhibitors (UIs) and nitrification inhibitors (NIs) have been coupled with U fertilizers to mitigate NH(3)and N2O emissions. However, it is still unclear whether adding NIs and/or UIs to U stimulates other pollutants, while reducing one pollutant. Furthermore, part of the NH(3)deposition to earth is converted to N2O, leading to indirect N2O emission. To estimate direct and indirect effect of UIs and NIs on the N2O-N and NH3-N losses from U; therefore, we analyzed multi-year field experiments from the same site during 2004 to 2005 and 2011 to 2013. The field experiments with U fertilization with or without UI (IPAT, N-isopropoxycarbonyl phosphoric acid triamide) and NI (DCD/TZ, Dicyandiamide/1H-1, 2, 4-Triazol) in winter wheat and with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) were conducted in southern Germany. Fluxes of NH(3)or N2O emissions were determined following each split N fertilization in separate experiments on the same site. Our results showed that U with NIs considerably reduced N2O emissions, and adding UIs decreased NH(3)emissions. However, the effect on N2O emissions exerted by (U + UIs) or (U + UIs + NIs) was inconsistent. In contrast to the treatment of (U + UIs + NIs), the addition of NIs alone to U stimulated NH(3)emission compared to treatment with U. When 1% indirect N2O emission from NH3(IPCC emission factor (EF4)) was considered to estimate the indirect N2O emission, total N2O emissions from (U + NIs) were approximately 29% compared to that from U alone and 36% compared to that from (U + UI), indicating that indirect N2O emission from NH(3)induced by NIs may be negligible.