Defect Engineering in Manganese-Based Oxides for Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc-Ion Batteries: A Review

The development of advanced cathode materials for aqueous the zinc ion battery (ZIB) represents a crucial step toward building future large-scale green energy conversion and storage systems. Recently, significant progress has been achieved in the development of manganese-based oxides for ZIB via defect engineering, whereby the intrinsic capacity and energy density have been enhanced. In this review, an overview of the recent progress in the defect engineering of manganese-based oxides for aqueous ZIBs is summarized in the following order: 1) the structures and properties of the commonly used manganese-based oxides, 2) the classification of the various types of defect engineering commonly reported, 3) the various strategies used to create defects in materials, and 4) the effects of the various types of defect engineering on the electrochemical performance of manganese-based oxides. Finally, a perspective on the defect engineering of manganese-based oxides is proposed to further enhance their electrochemical performance as a ZIB cathode.