Electrolytes toward High-Voltage Na3V2(PO4)2F3 Positive Electrode Durable against Temperature Variation

High power and energy density, long cyclability, and tolerance for wide temperature (seasonal and daily operational temperature differences) must be considered to construct large-scale sodium secondary batteries. In this regard, Na3V2(PO4)(2)F-3(NVPF) has become a subject of interest as a high-performance positive electrode material owing to its high energy density. However, the high operating voltage of NVPF causes continuous decomposition of electrolytes during cycles, resulting in significant capacity fading and low Coulombic efficiency. In this study, the electrochemical performance of the NVPF electrode in organic solvent electrolytes with and without additives and an ionic liquid is investigated at high voltage regimes over a wide temperature range (-20 degrees C to 90 degrees C). The results reveal that the performance of organic electrolytes is still insufficient even with additives, and the ionic liquid electrolyte demonstrates high electrochemical stability and cyclability with NVPF electrodes over a temperature range from -20 degrees C to 90 degrees C, achieving stable cycling over 500 cycles. The detailed electrochemical analysis combined with X-ray photoelectron and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicates that a sturdy cathode electrolyte interphase layer around the electrode protects it from capacity fading at high voltage and elevated temperature, resulting in high Coulombic efficiency.