Conservative treatment options for non-unions

Background Non-unions occur in 5-10% of all fractures, whereby there is a large variability in the rate with respect to the anatomical location. All non-unions have in common that without any further medical treatment no healing can be expected, independent of the time. There is a wide range of surgical approaches for treatment of these extremely complex pathological situations, which are successful in 75-85% of the cases. Besides surgical approaches there are various conservative treatment options, which should be considered in every treatment planning. Vital non-unions sometimes shows a very good response to noninvasive procedures, particularly in the early stages. Methods and results Healing can be achieved even by using basic medical measures, such as optimization of comorbidities, reduction of risk factors and conditioning of an extremity. More elaborate procedures, such as low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) or extracorporeal shockwave therapy (EWST) can make surgical treatment superfluous in 63-94% of cases and show no or only very few side effects at a much lower cost; however, a high patient compliance level is necessary when performing these procedures. As optimal preconditions for a successful conservative treatment, non-unions should be stable due to an adequate osteosynthesis and free of infections, should not show any malalignment and the defect area should be less than 5 & x202f;mm. Conclusion In every individual case an experience physician should determine whether a conservative treatment option is possible for this complex condition.