Material flow analysis and life cycle assessment of food waste bioconversion by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.)

This study provided a systematic analysis on material flowand environmental impacts of a foodwaste (FW) bioconversion plant using black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), with a daily capacity of 15 tons of FW(wet weight). Food waste feed (FWF) used for BSFL bioconversion consisted of 80% FW (collected from households, restaurants, and canteens) and 20% rice hull powder. Material flow analysis conducted on a dry weight basis showed that 6% of FWF was transformed into BSF pre-pupae, 51% was stored in matured compost, and 43% was emitted to the air. Emissions of high environmental concern such asmethane, nitrous oxide and ammonia (NH3) were sampled and quantified by laboratory analysis. The life cycle assessment revealed that the overall impact was 17.36 kg CO2-eq/t FWfor globalwarming potential, 5.54 kg SO2-eq/t FWfor acidification, 24.05 mol N-eq/t FWfor terrestrial eutrophication, 0.54 kg N-eq NH3/t FW for marine eutrophication, and 0.18 kg PM2.5-eq/t FWof particulate matter up to 2.5 mu m diameter. Moreover, emissions from post-composting, energy consumptions of drying and chemical fertilizer substitution ratiowere detected by contribution analysis as the main contributors to those impacts. Finally, sensitivity analysis indicated that the substitution ratio of mineral fertilizer and protein feed aswell as energy consumption were the most influential parameters, therefore control of the post-composting process of residual material should be closely monitored because it was responsible for significant environmental load caused by N-related emissions. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

This study provides a systematic analysis on material flow and environmental impacts of a food waste bioconversion plant using black soldier fly larvae, identifying significant emissions of methane, nitrous oxide, and ammonia, as well as quantifying their impacts on global warming potential, acidification, terrestrial and marine eutrophication, and particulate matter. Post-composting emissions, energy consumption, and fertilizer substitution ratio are identified as major contributors to these impacts, with mineral fertilizer and protein feed substitution ratio and energy consumption being identified as the most influential parameters. Control of the post-composting process is crucial in reducing environmental load caused by nitrogen-related emissions.