Observation and simulation of mountain wave turbulence above Iceland: Turbulence intensification due to wave interference

The High-Altitude LOng Range research aircraft (HALO) encountered strong turbulence above Iceland at 13.8 km altitude on 13 October 2016. The generation of turbulence along the flight path is studied through numerical simulations in combination with the aircraftinsituobservations. From theinsituobservations, maximum energy dissipation rate values (cube root of the energy dissipation rate) of 0.39 m(2/3)center dot s(-1)are obtained, which correspond to moderate to severe turbulence for a medium-weight aircraft such as HALO. The turbulent region is characterized by observed large-amplitude vertical wind fluctuations which coincide locally with a stagnation of the horizontal flow. The strong turbulence occurred downstream of and between the two Icelandic mountains Hofsjokull and Langjokull. High-resolution numerical simulations, with realistic and idealized topography, show that the flow above these two nearby mountains is responsible for the observed turbulence. Vertically propagating hydrostatic mountain waves disperse horizontally in the region downstream and between Hofsjokull and Langjokull. There, both waves interfere and their superposition leads to enhanced amplitudes and, eventually, to convective instabilities. By comparing simulations with only one of the mountains to the simulation with both mountains, we infer that the wave interference can locally amplify the turbulence intensity by a factor of five and double the vertical extent of the turbulent region.