Energy Harvesting from Drops Impacting onto Charged Surfaces

We use a combination of high-speed video imaging and electrical measurements to study the direct conversion of the impact energy of water drops falling onto an electrically precharged solid surface into electrical energy. Systematic experiments at variable impact conditions (initial height; impact location relative to electrodes) and electrical parameters (surface charge density; external circuit resistance; fluid conductivity) allow us to describe the electrical response quantitatively without any fit parameters based on the evolution of the drop-substrate interfacial area. We derive a scaling law for the energy harvested by such nanogenerators and find that optimum efficiency is achieved by matching the timescales of the external electrical energy harvesting circuit and the hydrodynamic spreading process.