Resistance to pyridaben in Canadian greenhouse populations of two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae (Koch)

Two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) Tetranychus urticae (Koch) is an important agricultural pest that causes considerable yield losses to over 150 field and greenhouse crops. Mitochondrial electron transport inhibitors (METI) acaricides are commonly used to control mite species in commercial Canadian greenhouses. Development of resistance to METIs in TSSM populations have been reported worldwide, but not until recently in Canada. The objectives of this study were to: 1) monitor the acaricide-susceptibility in greenhouse TSSM populations, and 2) investigate the resistance to pyridaben, a METI acaricide, in greenhouse resistant and pyridaben-selected (SRS) mite strains. The increased mortality to the pyridaben sub-lethal concentration (LC30) when SRS mites were exposed to piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a general cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitor, and higher P450 activity compared to the greenhouse strain (RS) mites, indicated that P450s may be at least partially responsible for the resistance. The molecular mechanisms of target site insensitivity-mediated resistance in the pyridaben resistant strain of TSSM were investigated by comparing the DNA sequence of NADH dehydrogenase subunits TYKY and PSST, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 and 5 (ND1, ND5) and the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit 49 kDa from SRS to the reference strain (SS) and RS. Despite a number of nucleotide substitutions, none correlated with the pyridaben resistance. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of TSSM adaptation to acaricides is an essential part of resistance management strategy in any IPM program. The findings of this study will encourage growers to apply acaricides with different modes of action to reduce the rate at which acaricide resistance will occur in greenhouse TSSM populations.