Neurotensin induces hypothermia by activating both neuronal neurotensin receptor 1 and astrocytic neurotensin receptor 2 in the median preoptic nucleus

Neurotensin (NTS) is a neuropeptide acting as a neuromodulator in the brain and is a very potent hypothermic agent. However, the cellular mechanisms of actions are not fully understood. Here we report that NTS increases the firing rate of preoptic GABAergic neurons by activating both neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1) and neurotensin receptor 2 (NTSR2), expressed by neurons and astrocytes, respectively. Downstream of NTSR1 the neuropeptide activated an inward current, calcium release from intracellular stores and, postsynaptically, increased frequency and amplitude of inhibitory synaptic events. NTSR2 activation in astrocytes resulted in increased excitatory input in preoptic GABAergic neurons, an effect which was dependent upon the activation of P2X4 receptors. We also found that neuromedin N acted as a selective agonist at the NTSR1. Surprisingly, activation of both NTSR1 and NTSR2 in the median preoptic nucleus was required for activating a full hypothermic response.