p63 uses a switch-like mechanism to set the threshold for induction of apoptosis

The p53 homolog TAp63 alpha is the transcriptional key regulator of genome integrity in oocytes. After DNA damage, TAp63 alpha is activated by multistep phosphorylation involving multiple phosphorylation events by the kinase CK1, which triggers the transition from a dimeric and inactive conformation to an open and active tetramer that initiates apoptosis. By measuring activation kinetics in ovaries and single-site phosphorylation kinetics in vitro with peptides and full-length protein, we show that TAp63 alpha phosphorylation follows a biphasic behavior. Although the first two CK1 phosphorylation events are fast, the third one, which constitutes the decisive step to form the active conformation, is slow. Structure determination of CK1 in complex with differently phosphorylated peptides reveals the structural mechanism for the difference in the kinetic behavior based on an unusual CK1/TAp63 alpha substrate interaction in which the product of one phosphorylation step acts as an inhibitor for the following one.