Co-catabolism of arginine and succinate drives symbiotic nitrogen fixation

Biological nitrogen fixation emerging from the symbiosis between bacteria and crop plants holds promise to increase the sustainability of agriculture. One of the biggest hurdles for the engineering of nitrogen-fixing organisms is an incomplete knowledge of metabolic interactions between microbe and plant. In contrast to the previously assumed supply of only succinate, we describe here theCATCH-N cycle as a novel metabolic pathway that co-catabolizes plant-provided arginine and succinate to drive the energy-demanding process of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in endosymbiotic rhizobia. Using systems biology, isotope labeling studies and transposon sequencing in conjunction with biochemical characterization, we uncovered highly redundant network components of theCATCH-N cycle including transaminases that interlink the co-catabolism of arginine and succinate. TheCATCH-N cycle uses N(2)as an additional sink for reductant and therefore delivers up to 25% higher yields of nitrogen than classical arginine catabolism-two alanines and three ammonium ions are secreted for each input of arginine and succinate. We argue that theCATCH-N cycle has evolved as part of a synergistic interaction to sustain bacterial metabolism in the microoxic and highly acid environment of symbiosomes. Thus, theCATCH-N cycle entangles the metabolism of both partners to promote symbiosis. Our results provide a theoretical framework and metabolic blueprint for the rational design of plants and plant-associated organisms with new properties to improve nitrogen fixation.