Environment Shapes the Microbiome of the Blue Orchard Bee,Osmia lignaria RRH: Environmental Drivers of Bee Microbiome

Wild bees encounter environmental microbes while foraging. While environmental context affects bee diversity, little is known about it how affects the wild bee microbiome. We used field surveys in 17 urban gardens to examine whether and how variation in local and landscape habitat features shapes the microbiome of the solitary Blue Orchard Bee,Osmia lignaria. We installedO. lignariacocoons at each site, allowed bees to emerge and forage, then collected them. We measured local features of gardens using vegetation transects and landscape features with GIS. We found that in microbiome composition between bee individuals varied by environmental features such as natural habitat, floral resources, and bee species richness. We also found that environmental features were associated with the abundance of bacterial groups important for bee health, such asLactobacillus. Our study highlights complex interactions between environment context, bee species diversity, and the bee-associated microbes.